Luxembourg
The light green area is the rest of the European Union
Luxembourg was the 70th largest economy in the world by nominal GDP in 2018. It has the highest GDP per capita in the world at $114,340 USD. It is a small country located between Belgium, France, and Germany. It has long specialised in financial services but has a diverse economy with a ranking of 34th in the Economic Complexity Index (2017). It is a very open economy with trade at 415 percent of GDP in 2018. It is a member of the EU, OECD, and the Benelux union with Belgium and the Netherlands. Services was the largest economic sector in 2018 (79 percent of GDP), followed by manufacturing (4.9 percent), and agriculture (0.28 percent). In 2017, the largest export sector was services (86 percent). The largest individual exports were insurance and finance (53 percent) and ICT services (25 percent). Its largest export partners were Germany (22 percent), Belgium (17 percent), France (11 percent), and the Netherlands (6 percent). The largest goods imports were cars (9.15 percent), and refined petroleum (6 percent). Luxembourg became independent from the Netherlands in 1839 following the independence of Belgium from the Netherlands. From the mid-1800s, a steel industry developed, taking advantage of iron ore deposits in the country. Immigration was also key as was capital from Germany, Belgium, and France. After World War Two, the economy grew strongly right up until the 1970's oil shocks with steel the main driver. Diversification began in the 1950s and became more important in the 1960s and 1970s when worldwide steel production increased. In a second wave of industrialisation, automotive, chemical, and electricity industries emerged. At this time, Luxembourg also began to develop the service sector with financial services emerging as the main engine of the economy by the 1980s as the steel industry was restructured. In recent years, Luxembourg and other low tax jurisdictions in Europe have come under pressure from the EU and OECD, and as a result Luxembourg has increased transparency. Luxembourg is currently focussing on innovation, with its space industry a prime example. Luxembourg has been at the heart of European integration. It formed an economic union with Belgium in 1921. The Netherlands joined the customs union in 1948 (Benelux). It was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952 and the European Economic Community in 1957.