Netherlands
The light green area is the rest of the European Union
The Netherlands was the 17th largest economy in the world by nominal GDP in 2018. GDP per capita is $53,024 USD which is above the average for the OECD and High Income countries. It is an important transport hub for Europe with Rotterdam being the largest port in Europe and Amsterdam among the biggest airports. It is an open economy with a long history of innovation in finance and trade, including the first stock market. It is ranked 6th on the World Bank's Logistics Performance Index. Trade was at 158 percent of GDP in 2018. It is ranked 8th in the World Bank's Human Capital Index and 18th in the Economic Complexity Index (2017). It is a member of the EU, OECD, and the Benelux union with Belgium and Luxembourg. Services was the largest economic sector in 2018 (70 percent of GDP), followed by manufacturing (11.1 percent), and agriculture (1.63 percent). In 2017, the largest export sectors were services (24.3 percent), agriculture (15.4 percent), chemicals (14.97 percent), and machinery (14.7 percent). The largest individual exports were ICT services (16.4 percent), refined petroleum (6.1 percent), and transport services (4.55 percent). Its largest export partners were Germany (20 percent), Belgium (13.3 percent), the UK (9.2 percent), and France (7.7 percent). The largest goods imports were crude oil (7.6 percent), refined petroleum (7.16 percent), transmission apparatus for radio, telephone, and television (4.13 percent), and computers (3.1 percent). During the 1600s, the Dutch economy grew rapidly and built a maritime trading empire. It was a "Golden age" of trade, innovation, and art. War in the 1700s, French occupation between 1795 and 1810, and vested economic interests led to a slowdown in growth and innovation until industrialisation. From the 1860s the economy industrialised rapidly with the development of railroads, textiles, and food processing. The country was neutral during World War One but suffered from the decline in trade. The economy was ravaged by World War Two but recovered strongly through the US Marshall Plan, fiscal prudence, low wages, and increased capital intensity. The discovery of natural gas in 1959 boosted the economy but also led to an increase in government spending and the stagnation of other industries in the 1970s which left the economy vulnerable to the 1970s oil shocks. The early 80s saw recession and unemployment before fiscal reform, wage moderation, and labour market reforms helped the economy to recover. Between 1996 and 2000, economic growth was well above the European average and the turnaround from the 1980s was being described as a "miracle". Growth slowed down in 2001 as part of the global economic slowdown, recovered in 2006 and 2007, before being hit by the global financial crisis. Further government reforms saw the economy recover in 2014 and in 2019 the country was ranked as the most competitive in Europe by the World Economic Forum.
Its population in 2018 was 17,084,459 [
In 2015, 5.89% of its total energy 
In 2021, its GDP grew by 5.04% [
In 2021 it had a positive Current 
Its unemployment rate in 2021 was 4.23% [
Its Expenditure on R&D (as a percentage of 
