[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]
Research and development expenditure from 2012 to 2020 (percent of GDP)
Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy. This indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2010 base year and Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) and as percentage of GDP.[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]
|
Country |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria |
0.53 |
||||||||
Angola |
0.03 |
||||||||
Argentina |
0.63 |
0.62 |
0.59 |
0.62 |
0.56 |
0.56 |
0.49 |
0.46 |
|
Armenia |
0.24 |
0.22 |
0.24 |
0.25 |
0.23 |
0.23 |
0.19 |
0.18 |
0.21 |
Australia |
2.18 |
1.92 |
1.88 |
1.83 |
|||||
Austria |
2.91 |
2.95 |
3.08 |
3.05 |
3.12 |
3.06 |
3.09 |
3.13 |
3.20 |
Azerbaijan |
0.21 |
0.21 |
0.21 |
0.22 |
0.21 |
0.18 |
0.18 |
0.20 |
0.22 |
Bahrain |
0.10 |
||||||||
Belarus |
0.65 |
0.65 |
0.51 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.58 |
0.60 |
0.58 |
0.55 |
Belgium |
2.28 |
2.33 |
2.37 |
2.43 |
2.52 |
2.67 |
2.86 |
3.16 |
3.48 |
Bermuda |
0.23 |
0.20 |
0.19 |
0.20 |
0.23 |
0.26 |
0.23 |
||
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
0.27 |
0.32 |
0.26 |
0.22 |
0.22 |
0.20 |
0.19 |
0.19 |
0.21 |
Botswana |
0.26 |
0.54 |
|||||||
Brazil |
1.13 |
1.20 |
1.27 |
1.37 |
1.29 |
1.12 |
1.17 |
1.21 |
|
Brunei Darussalam |
0.28 |
||||||||
Bulgaria |
0.60 |
0.63 |
0.79 |
0.95 |
0.77 |
0.74 |
0.75 |
0.83 |
0.85 |
Burkina Faso |
0.20 |
0.61 |
0.17 |
0.25 |
|||||
Burundi |
0.11 |
0.21 |
|||||||
Côte d'Ivoire |
0.07 |
||||||||
Cabo Verde |
|||||||||
Cambodia |
0.12 |
||||||||
Canada |
1.77 |
1.71 |
1.71 |
1.69 |
1.73 |
1.69 |
1.68 |
1.59 |
1.70 |
Chad |
0.30 |
||||||||
Chile |
0.36 |
0.39 |
0.38 |
0.38 |
0.37 |
0.36 |
0.37 |
0.34 |
|
China |
1.91 |
2.00 |
2.02 |
2.06 |
2.10 |
2.12 |
2.14 |
2.24 |
2.40 |
China, Hong Kong SAR |
0.73 |
0.73 |
0.74 |
0.76 |
0.79 |
0.84 |
0.86 |
0.93 |
0.99 |
China, Macao SAR |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.09 |
0.14 |
0.23 |
0.17 |
0.20 |
0.25 |
0.45 |
Colombia |
0.22 |
0.26 |
0.30 |
0.37 |
0.27 |
0.26 |
0.31 |
0.32 |
0.29 |
Costa Rica |
0.55 |
0.54 |
0.56 |
0.44 |
0.44 |
0.43 |
0.37 |
||
Croatia |
0.74 |
0.80 |
0.77 |
0.83 |
0.85 |
0.85 |
0.95 |
1.08 |
1.25 |
Cuba |
0.41 |
0.47 |
0.42 |
0.43 |
0.34 |
0.43 |
0.54 |
0.55 |
0.52 |
Cyprus |
0.44 |
0.49 |
0.51 |
0.48 |
0.52 |
0.54 |
0.62 |
0.71 |
0.82 |
Czechia |
1.77 |
1.88 |
1.96 |
1.92 |
1.67 |
1.77 |
1.90 |
1.93 |
1.99 |
Dem. Rep. of the Congo |
0.41 |
||||||||
Denmark |
2.98 |
2.97 |
2.91 |
3.05 |
3.09 |
2.93 |
2.97 |
2.89 |
2.96 |
Ecuador |
0.33 |
0.38 |
0.44 |
||||||
Egypt |
0.51 |
0.64 |
0.64 |
0.72 |
0.71 |
0.68 |
0.72 |
0.84 |
0.96 |
El Salvador |
0.03 |
0.06 |
0.09 |
0.14 |
0.14 |
0.18 |
0.17 |
0.17 |
|
Estonia |
2.12 |
1.72 |
1.43 |
1.47 |
1.24 |
1.28 |
1.42 |
1.63 |
1.79 |
Eswatini |
0.27 |
||||||||
Ethiopia |
0.60 |
0.27 |
|||||||
Finland |
3.40 |
3.27 |
3.15 |
2.87 |
2.72 |
2.73 |
2.76 |
2.80 |
2.94 |
France |
2.23 |
2.24 |
2.28 |
2.23 |
2.22 |
2.20 |
2.20 |
2.19 |
2.35 |
Gambia |
0.07 |
||||||||
Georgia |
0.08 |
0.17 |
0.30 |
0.29 |
0.27 |
0.28 |
0.28 |
0.30 |
|
Germany |
2.88 |
2.84 |
2.88 |
2.93 |
2.94 |
3.05 |
3.11 |
3.17 |
3.14 |
Ghana |
|||||||||
Greece |
0.71 |
0.81 |
0.84 |
0.97 |
1.01 |
1.15 |
1.21 |
1.28 |
1.50 |
Guatemala |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
|
Honduras |
0.01 |
0.04 |
|||||||
Hungary |
1.25 |
1.38 |
1.34 |
1.34 |
1.18 |
1.32 |
1.51 |
1.48 |
1.61 |
Iceland |
1.69 |
1.94 |
2.18 |
2.11 |
2.08 |
2.00 |
2.32 |
2.47 |
|
India |
0.74 |
0.71 |
0.70 |
0.69 |
0.67 |
0.67 |
0.66 |
||
Indonesia |
0.08 |
0.25 |
0.24 |
0.23 |
0.27 |
0.28 |
|||
Iran (Islamic Republic of) |
0.32 |
0.25 |
0.42 |
0.83 |
0.88 |
||||
Iraq |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
0.04 |
||
Ireland |
1.56 |
1.57 |
1.52 |
1.18 |
1.18 |
1.26 |
1.17 |
1.23 |
1.23 |
Israel |
4.14 |
4.07 |
4.16 |
4.26 |
4.51 |
4.66 |
4.80 |
5.14 |
5.44 |
Italy |
1.26 |
1.30 |
1.34 |
1.34 |
1.37 |
1.37 |
1.42 |
1.46 |
1.53 |
Japan |
3.17 |
3.28 |
3.37 |
3.24 |
3.11 |
3.17 |
3.22 |
3.20 |
3.26 |
Jordan |
0.70 |
||||||||
Kazakhstan |
0.17 |
0.17 |
0.17 |
0.17 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
0.12 |
0.12 |
0.13 |
Kenya |
|||||||||
Korea, Republic of |
3.85 |
3.95 |
4.08 |
3.98 |
3.99 |
4.29 |
4.52 |
4.63 |
4.81 |
Kuwait |
0.10 |
0.30 |
0.43 |
0.10 |
0.08 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
0.19 |
0.19 |
Kyrgyz Republic |
0.17 |
0.15 |
0.13 |
0.12 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.10 |
0.09 |
0.09 |
Latvia |
0.66 |
0.61 |
0.69 |
0.62 |
0.44 |
0.51 |
0.64 |
0.64 |
0.71 |
Lesotho |
0.05 |
||||||||
Lithuania |
0.89 |
0.95 |
1.03 |
1.04 |
0.84 |
0.90 |
0.94 |
0.99 |
1.16 |
Luxembourg |
1.21 |
1.23 |
1.22 |
1.25 |
1.27 |
1.24 |
1.17 |
1.18 |
1.13 |
Madagascar |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
||||||
Malaysia |
1.09 |
1.26 |
1.28 |
1.42 |
1.04 |
||||
Mali |
0.31 |
0.29 |
0.16 |
||||||
Malta |
0.80 |
0.74 |
0.69 |
0.72 |
0.55 |
0.56 |
0.59 |
0.59 |
0.68 |
Mauritania |
0.01 |
||||||||
Mauritius |
0.18 |
0.37 |
0.35 |
0.37 |
0.42 |
||||
Mexico |
0.42 |
0.43 |
0.44 |
0.43 |
0.39 |
0.33 |
0.31 |
0.28 |
0.30 |
Mongolia |
0.24 |
0.23 |
0.22 |
0.16 |
0.18 |
0.13 |
0.10 |
0.09 |
0.13 |
Montenegro |
0.37 |
0.36 |
0.37 |
0.32 |
0.35 |
0.50 |
0.36 |
||
Morocco |
|||||||||
Mozambique |
0.31 |
||||||||
Myanmar |
0.03 |
0.06 |
0.09 |
0.15 |
|||||
Namibia |
0.35 |
||||||||
Nepal |
|||||||||
Netherlands |
1.92 |
2.16 |
2.17 |
2.15 |
2.15 |
2.18 |
2.14 |
2.18 |
2.29 |
New Zealand |
1.15 |
1.23 |
1.35 |
1.41 |
|||||
Nicaragua |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.09 |
0.11 |
|||||
North Macedonia |
0.33 |
0.44 |
0.52 |
0.44 |
0.44 |
0.35 |
0.36 |
0.37 |
0.38 |
Norway |
1.62 |
1.65 |
1.72 |
1.94 |
2.04 |
2.10 |
2.05 |
2.15 |
2.28 |
Oman |
0.21 |
0.17 |
0.21 |
0.25 |
0.26 |
0.23 |
0.22 |
0.31 |
0.37 |
Pakistan |
0.29 |
0.25 |
0.24 |
0.20 |
|||||
Panama |
0.08 |
0.06 |
0.14 |
0.12 |
0.14 |
0.15 |
|||
Papua New Guinea |
0.03 |
||||||||
Paraguay |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.08 |
0.10 |
0.12 |
0.15 |
0.15 |
0.14 |
|
Peru |
0.06 |
0.08 |
0.11 |
0.12 |
0.12 |
0.12 |
0.13 |
0.16 |
0.17 |
Philippines |
0.13 |
0.16 |
0.32 |
||||||
Poland |
0.88 |
0.88 |
0.94 |
1.00 |
0.96 |
1.03 |
1.21 |
1.32 |
1.39 |
Portugal |
1.38 |
1.32 |
1.29 |
1.24 |
1.28 |
1.32 |
1.35 |
1.40 |
1.62 |
Qatar |
0.48 |
0.52 |
0.53 |
||||||
Republic of Moldova |
0.35 |
0.30 |
0.31 |
0.31 |
0.28 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.24 |
0.23 |
Romania |
0.49 |
0.39 |
0.38 |
0.49 |
0.48 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.48 |
0.47 |
Russian Federation |
1.03 |
1.03 |
1.07 |
1.10 |
1.10 |
1.11 |
0.99 |
1.04 |
1.10 |
Rwanda |
0.65 |
0.76 |
|||||||
Saudi Arabia |
0.88 |
0.82 |
0.52 |
||||||
Senegal |
0.58 |
||||||||
Serbia |
0.85 |
0.68 |
0.72 |
0.81 |
0.84 |
0.87 |
0.92 |
0.89 |
0.91 |
Seychelles |
0.22 |
||||||||
Singapore |
1.92 |
1.92 |
2.08 |
2.17 |
2.07 |
1.90 |
1.81 |
1.89 |
|
Slovakia |
0.80 |
0.82 |
0.88 |
1.16 |
0.79 |
0.89 |
0.84 |
0.83 |
0.91 |
Slovenia |
2.56 |
2.56 |
2.37 |
2.20 |
2.01 |
1.87 |
1.95 |
2.05 |
2.15 |
South Africa |
0.67 |
0.66 |
0.71 |
0.73 |
0.75 |
0.76 |
0.69 |
0.62 |
|
Spain |
1.30 |
1.28 |
1.24 |
1.22 |
1.19 |
1.21 |
1.24 |
1.25 |
1.41 |
Sri Lanka |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.11 |
0.13 |
0.13 |
0.13 |
|||
State of Palestine |
0.45 |
||||||||
Sweden |
3.23 |
3.26 |
3.10 |
3.22 |
3.25 |
3.36 |
3.32 |
3.39 |
3.53 |
Switzerland |
2.85 |
3.04 |
3.03 |
3.15 |
|||||
Syrian Arab Republic |
0.02 |
||||||||
Türkiye |
0.83 |
0.81 |
0.86 |
0.88 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
1.03 |
1.06 |
1.09 |
Tajikistan |
0.11 |
0.12 |
0.12 |
0.10 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.09 |
0.09 |
0.09 |
Thailand |
0.44 |
0.48 |
0.62 |
0.78 |
1.00 |
1.11 |
1.14 |
||
Togo |
0.22 |
0.27 |
|||||||
Trinidad and Tobago |
0.04 |
0.06 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
0.09 |
0.09 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
|
Tunisia |
0.65 |
0.64 |
0.62 |
0.59 |
0.57 |
0.70 |
0.72 |
0.75 |
|
Uganda |
0.14 |
||||||||
Ukraine |
0.72 |
0.73 |
0.65 |
0.61 |
0.48 |
0.45 |
0.47 |
0.43 |
0.41 |
United Arab Emirates |
0.69 |
0.90 |
0.96 |
1.28 |
1.31 |
1.45 |
|||
United Kingdom |
1.57 |
1.61 |
1.63 |
1.63 |
1.64 |
1.66 |
1.70 |
1.71 |
|
United Republic of Tanzania |
0.51 |
||||||||
United States of America |
2.68 |
2.71 |
2.72 |
2.78 |
2.85 |
2.90 |
3.00 |
3.17 |
3.45 |
Uruguay |
0.33 |
0.32 |
0.34 |
0.36 |
0.38 |
0.45 |
0.39 |
0.48 |
|
Uzbekistan |
0.16 |
0.16 |
0.15 |
0.16 |
0.17 |
0.15 |
0.12 |
0.11 |
0.14 |
Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) |
0.25 |
0.32 |
0.34 |
||||||
Vietnam |
0.37 |
0.44 |
0.53 |
0.53 |
