Senegal
Senegal was the 108th largest economy in the world by nominal GDP in 2018. Its GDP per capita was $1,522 USD. It was the capital of French West Africa and remains home to banks and other institutions which serve the whole region. It is also a hub for shipping and transport in the region. Recent discoveries of gold and oil have helped to diversify the economy. Personal remittances were 9.2 percent of GDP. It was ranked 121st in the World Bank's Human Capital Index and 79th in the Economic Complexity Index in 2017. It is a member of the African Union. Services was the largest economic sector in 2018 (50.4 percent of GDP), followed by manufacturing (18.7 percent), and agriculture (16.6 percent). It is among the most diversified economies in West Africa. In 2017, the largest export goods sectors were agriculture (32.9 percent), minerals (30.91 percent), and chemicals (17.15 percent). The largest individual goods exports were refined petroleum (17.16 percent), phosphoric acid (12.56 percent), frozen fish excluding fillets (7.54 percent), gold (7.44 percent), and cements (6.54 percent). Its largest export partners were Mali (24.96 percent), India (14.48 percent), the UAE (4.65 percent), Switzerland (4.06 percent) and Côte d'Ivoire (4.02 percent). The largest goods imports were refined petroleum (11.87 percent), rice (4.85 percent), crude petroleum (4.85 percent), and transmission apparatus for radio, telephones, and television (3.67 percent). In the late 1800s, France extended its control over the whole country, starting from its colonial trading ports. After the abolition of the slave-trade in 1831, resin-based gum and peanuts became the dominant industries. Senegal gained independence from France in 1960. The economy initially struggled because of the loss of export markets in West Africa, with newly independent neighbouring countries embracing protectionism, and a decline in French government spending. The government responded by pursuing an industrial policy of import-substitution. It also controlled access to finance leading to the development of SOEs and French companies. Tourism was developed from the 1970s with World Bank help. Tourism is now one of the key industries. The government also invested heavily in infrastructure and industry during this period. In the 1980s, the government began to liberalise the economy, reducing regulatory control. In 2003, the government introduced a new mining code, which when combined with an increase in gold prices, led to an FDI led gold mining boom. Oil was discovered in 1961 but the oil fields proved small. Between 2014 and 2017, a long-awaited big discovery was made: 1 bn barrels of oil and 40 trillion cubic feet of gas, off the coast of Senegal and Mauritania. In 2014, Senegal launched the Plan for an Emerging Senegal, which aims to increase development by 2035.