Italy
The light green area is the rest of the European Union
Italy is the 8th-largest economy by nominal GDP in 2018, and the 3rd largest in Europe. Italy is a member of the EU, the Eurozone, the OECD, the G7 and the G20. GDP per capita is $34,318. Italy is the ninth largest exporter in the world and the fifth most visited destination. It is highly diversified with a vibrant manufacturing, food, fashion, and luxury good sectors. It is the world's largest wine producer. Italy's economy comprises a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, with a legacy of unemployment and underdevelopment. Services accounted for 66 percent of GDP in 2018, followed by manufacturing (15 percent), and agriculture (1.9 percent). Its largest export sectors in 2017 were machinery (18.7 percent), services (18.1 percent), chemicals (12.8 percent), agriculture (11.8 percent), textiles (9.5 percent), and vehicles (8.8 percent). The largest individual exports were ICT services (7.22 percent), travel and tourism (7.17 percent), pharmaceutical products (4.2 percent), cars (2.9 percent), and refined petroleum (2.3 percent). Its main export partners are Germany (12.3 percent), France (10.15 percent), and the USA (8.98 percent). Leading import goods are cars (6.8 percent), crude oil (5.7 percent), and petroleum gasses (3.44 percent). The Italian economy grew strongly during the 1950s and 1960s as US aid and Italian businessmen helped the country to modernise, particularly in the north, and the economy was opened up to trade. The 1970s were turbulent because of the oil shocks and a vicious cycle of lira devaluations and inflation. The introduction of the European Monetary System in 1979 and the loss of competitive currency valuations forced small and medium Italian firms to innovate in local clusters, which led to the production of high-quality goods and the gaining of market share in other European markets. On the macro front, government debt increased during the 1980s and despite bouts of austerity measures remains high today. Bank collapses during the global financial crisis added to public debt. Tax evasion, the informal economy, and lower productivity growth also remain key challenges. Despite this, the economy has enjoyed modest growth in recent years.