Government borrowing and lending by country from 2010 to 2018 (percent of GDP)

General government borrowing and lending by country from 2013 to 2021 (percent of GDP)

Net lending and borrowing are calculated as revenue less total expenditure and the result will show that general government is either (a) putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy and non-residents (net lending), or (b) using the resources generated by other sectors and non-residents (net borrowing). This gives an indication of the financial impact of general government activity on the rest of the economy and non-residents.

Country
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Afghanistan
-0.63
-1.72
-1.38
0.13
-0.67
1.63
-1.06
-2.24
Albania
-5.22
-5.46
-4.32
-1.50
-1.62
-1.32
-1.94
-6.71
-4.53
Algeria
-0.40
-7.30
-15.27
-13.05
-6.54
-4.43
-5.58
-6.74
-3.78
Andorra
3.36
2.15
2.00
4.36
3.33
2.67
2.28
-2.82
-0.53
Angola
-0.30
-5.72
-2.92
-4.52
-6.59
2.29
0.78
-1.89
2.82
Antigua and Barbuda
-4.30
-2.87
-2.60
-0.15
-2.84
-2.47
-3.98
-6.36
-4.31
Argentina
-3.25
-4.25
-6.00
-6.66
-6.69
-5.44
-4.40
-8.63
-4.58
Armenia
-1.59
-1.94
-4.84
-5.63
-4.79
-1.75
-0.98
-5.40
-4.59
Aruba
-6.05
-7.46
-1.48
-1.46
-2.59
-1.96
0.34
-16.76
-10.21
Australia
-2.81
-2.92
-2.79
-2.42
-1.72
-1.26
-4.38
-8.59
-7.71
Austria
-1.95
-2.73
-1.05
-1.54
-0.82
0.17
0.61
-8.31
-5.85
Azerbaijan
1.64
2.74
-4.81
-1.15
-1.31
5.53
9.11
-6.52
4.33
Bahamas
-4.18
-3.67
-2.52
-2.53
-5.25
-3.30
-1.66
-7.21
-13.63
Bahrain
-8.88
-3.46
-18.29
-17.43
-14.03
-11.80
-8.96
-17.86
-11.09
Bangladesh
-3.42
-3.14
-3.94
-3.79
-4.90
-4.77
-6.28
-5.60
-4.20
Barbados
-10.24
-7.50
-9.10
-5.35
-4.29
-0.30
3.74
-4.74
-4.91
Belarus
-0.98
0.09
-2.96
-1.66
-0.34
1.81
0.91
-2.87
-1.68
Belgium
-3.13
-3.06
-2.41
-2.36
-0.68
-0.84
-1.91
-9.07
-6.04
Belize
-1.56
-2.20
-6.50
-5.58
-4.28
-1.66
-3.50
-9.05
-3.25
Benin
-1.37
-1.65
-5.55
-4.29
-4.20
-2.98
-0.54
-4.70
-5.80
Bhutan
-5.03
2.70
-0.54
-2.52
-4.82
-1.61
-1.59
-1.93
-6.31
Bolivia
0.66
-3.36
-6.90
-7.24
-7.82
-8.14
-7.22
-12.72
-9.26
Bosnia and Herzegovina
-1.28
-2.87
-0.20
0.35
1.81
1.66
1.39
-4.68
-0.71
Botswana
5.84
3.90
-4.82
0.71
-1.14
-5.03
-8.53
-11.02
-4.74
Brazil
-2.96
-6.02
-10.24
-8.98
-7.84
-7.03
-5.88
-13.33
-4.41
Brunei Darussalam
13.03
3.58
-14.52
-21.68
-10.40
-3.59
-9.65
-15.74
-1.15
Bulgaria
-1.75
-3.65
-2.77
1.54
0.82
0.12
-0.96
-2.94
-2.95
Burkina Faso
-3.55
-1.74
-2.09
-3.08
-6.92
-4.39
-3.41
-5.70
-5.60
Burundi
-1.90
-3.93
-7.56
-7.11
-5.01
-6.66
-6.40
-6.59
-3.86
Côte d'Ivoire
-1.62
-1.57
-2.04
-3.01
-3.33
-2.93
-2.29
-5.57
-5.63
Cabo Verde
-9.31
-7.61
-4.56
-3.04
-2.97
-2.65
-1.84
-9.11
-8.55
Cambodia
-2.62
-1.64
-0.65
-0.30
-0.77
0.66
2.96
-3.48
-5.63
Cameroon
-3.56
-4.09
-4.25
-5.88
-4.73
-2.41
-3.24
-3.19
-3.17
Canada
-1.50
0.18
-0.06
-0.45
-0.11
0.36
0.00
-11.36
-4.71
Central African Republic
-5.94
-3.94
-0.59
1.05
-1.07
-0.97
1.42
-3.36
-6.02
Chad
-2.07
-4.18
-4.38
-1.94
-0.23
1.94
-0.17
2.06
-0.82
Chile
-0.47
-1.50
-2.09
-2.66
-2.63
-1.48
-2.73
-7.15
-7.52
China
-0.84
-0.68
-2.54
-3.39
-3.40
-4.28
-6.10
-10.69
-5.99
China, Hong Kong SAR
1.01
3.59
0.60
4.39
5.49
2.35
-0.58
-9.23
-0.17
China, Macao SAR
26.99
24.16
13.82
11.42
13.26
13.30
14.41
-21.21
-16.55
Colombia
-1.02
-1.74
-3.52
-2.27
-2.50
-4.67
-3.48
-6.98
-6.83
Comoros
10.49
-0.33
2.60
-5.52
-0.10
-1.35
-4.34
-0.51
-2.35
Congo
-2.85
-10.73
-17.81
-15.64
-5.93
5.66
4.70
-1.23
2.03
Costa Rica
-5.44
-5.73
-5.48
-5.13
-5.97
-5.73
-6.73
-8.44
-5.14
Croatia
-5.38
-5.33
-3.40
-0.94
0.81
0.23
0.23
-7.36
-3.74
Cyprus
-5.17
-0.23
0.19
0.24
1.99
-3.50
1.30
-5.70
-1.75
Czechia
-1.28
-2.08
-0.64
0.71
1.50
0.91
0.31
-5.59
-6.13
Dem. Rep. of the Congo
1.87
-0.02
-0.41
-0.50
1.36
-0.04
-2.01
-1.43
-0.01
Denmark
-1.24
1.14
-1.33
-0.11
1.79
0.76
4.06
-0.18
-0.30
Djibouti
-4.25
-6.87
-15.32
-8.26
-4.51
-2.78
-0.85
-1.62
-1.91
Dominica
-2.88
-5.55
11.38
11.41
-3.18
-18.47
-8.31
-7.32
-8.97
Dominican Republic
-3.47
-2.75
-0.03
-3.10
-3.09
-2.16
-2.20
-7.91
-2.92
Ecuador
-4.57
-5.22
-6.12
-8.23
-4.46
-2.06
-2.74
-6.11
-1.48
Egypt
-12.93
-11.29
-10.93
-12.47
-10.43
-9.44
-7.99
-7.85
-7.31
El Salvador
-4.46
-4.02
-3.63
-3.10
-2.53
-2.71
-3.07
-8.19
-5.67
Equatorial Guinea
-4.40
-7.54
-15.10
-10.92
-2.59
0.53
1.82
-1.75
1.70
Eritrea
-8.02
-0.36
-3.14
-1.66
-6.04
4.21
0.61
-4.42
-3.98
Estonia
0.18
0.71
0.14
-0.41
-0.74
-0.56
0.12
-5.60
-2.35
Eswatini
0.56
-2.67
-6.04
-9.00
-6.85
-9.54
-6.95
-5.38
-5.71
Ethiopia
-1.93
-2.58
-1.95
-2.30
-3.24
-3.03
-2.53
-2.76
-2.77
Fiji
-0.08
-3.48
-3.94
-5.70
-2.09
-4.38
-3.58
-7.90
-12.89
Finland
-2.53
-2.99
-2.43
-1.70
-0.65
-0.85
-0.94
-5.42
-2.75
France
-4.08
-3.91
-3.63
-3.64
-2.96
-2.29
-3.07
-9.08
-7.05
Gabon
-3.07
5.98
-1.12
-4.71
-1.70
-0.21
2.13
-2.19
-1.49
Gambia
-5.07
-3.94
-5.38
-6.22
-4.35
-5.74
-2.55
-2.15
-4.45
Georgia
-1.27
-1.81
-1.18
-1.52
-0.48
-0.82
-1.84
-9.26
-6.02
Germany
0.04
0.58
0.96
1.16
1.34
1.91
1.47
-4.31
-3.71
Ghana
-9.12
-7.81
-4.01
-6.75
-3.97
-6.79
-7.29
-15.63
-11.63
Greece
-3.78
-4.14
-3.02
0.31
0.91
0.81
0.21
-10.87
-8.75
Grenada
-6.76
-4.20
-0.80
2.69
3.01
4.59
4.97
1.21
0.33
Guatemala
-2.16
-1.92
-1.47
-1.11
-1.38
-1.88
-2.24
-4.92
-1.19
Guinea
-3.87
-3.21
-6.89
-0.15
-2.06
-1.09
-0.48
-2.89
-1.49
Guinea-Bissau
-1.67
-2.44
-3.16
-5.34
-1.32
-4.92
-3.99
-9.95
-5.89
Guyana
-2.33
-4.05
-0.89
-3.34
-3.28
-2.77
-2.76
-7.94
-7.39
Haiti
-3.98
-3.64
-1.47
0.02
0.15
-1.01
-2.11
-2.40
-2.53
Honduras
-5.73
-2.90
-0.78
-0.40
-0.41
0.20
0.09
-4.65
-2.75
Hungary
-2.60
-2.78
-2.01
-1.80
-2.43
-2.09
-2.08
-8.06
-6.77
Iceland
-1.25
0.30
-0.40
12.55
0.96
0.91
-1.52
-8.67
-8.92
India
-7.00
-7.07
-7.21
-7.12
-6.23
-6.38
-7.49
-12.76
-10.35
Indonesia
-2.22
-2.15
-2.60
-2.49
-2.51
-1.75
-2.23
-6.14
-4.62
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
-0.83
-1.05
-1.50
-1.77
-1.61
-1.65
-4.50
-5.09
-4.54
Iraq
-6.06
-5.63
-12.83
-14.51
-1.50
7.80
0.84
-12.81
1.90
Ireland
-6.42
-3.63
-2.05
-0.77
-0.30
0.15
0.51
-4.94
-2.01
Israel
-4.05
-2.35
-1.16
-1.73
-1.13
-3.62
-3.90
-10.83
-4.24
Italy
-2.85
-2.95
-2.55
-2.40
-2.42
-2.19
-1.54
-9.60
-7.18
Jamaica
0.12
-0.50
-0.29
-0.19
0.45
1.18
0.92
-3.06
0.27
Japan
-7.61
-5.62
-3.68
-3.60
-3.10
-2.47
-3.03
-8.95
-7.62
Jordan
-10.07
-8.48
-8.39
-3.66
-3.58
-4.66
-6.01
-8.59
-7.94
Kazakhstan
4.95
2.48
-6.26
-4.50
-4.27
2.58
-0.57
-7.04
-4.10
Kenya
-5.41
-5.90
-6.68
-7.45
-7.37
-6.91
-7.39
-8.10
-8.09
Kiribati
12.42
39.17
47.61
23.48
40.18
-1.68
3.09
3.71
-16.47
Korea, Republic of
0.83
0.60
0.52
1.65
2.19
2.56
0.37
-2.24
-0.64
Kosovo
-3.42
-2.65
-2.12
-1.71
-1.43
-2.86
-2.93
-7.88
-1.56
Kuwait
33.83
21.52
4.51
0.78
2.43
7.28
3.07
-12.76
-0.54
Kyrgyz Republic
-3.70
-3.07
-2.52
-5.79
-3.73
-0.59
-0.08
-3.26
-1.26
Lao People's Dem. Rep.
-4.03
-3.13
-5.57
-4.85
-5.51
-4.66
-3.34
-5.59
-5.48
Latvia
-0.56
-1.68
-1.52
-0.40
-0.82
-0.74
-0.38
-3.90
-5.54
Lebanon
-8.82
-6.21
-7.46
-8.84
-8.61
-11.22
-10.30
-5.84
Lesotho
-3.11
2.96
-1.41
-8.90
-1.09
-4.76
-7.45
0.25
-6.87
Liberia
1.29
-3.79
-4.57
-3.80
-7.13
-4.52
-4.81
-3.84
-2.85
Libya
-23.67
-72.14
-80.63
-78.83
-24.74
17.13
21.11
-54.45
13.82
Lithuania
-2.62
-0.66
-0.21
0.26
0.45
0.60
0.27
-7.27
-2.99
Luxembourg
0.84
1.33
1.30
1.89
1.30
3.01
2.40
-3.82
0.60
Madagascar
-3.40
-1.96
-2.85
-1.11
-2.10
-1.34
-1.42
-3.96
-6.27
Malawi
-3.73
-3.08
-4.17
-4.90
-5.15
-4.35
-4.55
-8.18
-8.54
Malaysia
-3.48
-2.63
-2.55
-2.60
-2.41
-2.65
-2.01
-4.62
-5.46
Maldives
-3.49
-2.42
-6.55
-10.00
-3.06
-5.27
-6.68
-23.51
-15.06
Mali
-2.37
-2.89
-1.82
-3.95
-2.86
-4.74
-1.68
-5.39
-4.90
Malta
-2.34
-1.70
-1.04
0.95
3.13
1.86
0.36
-9.92
-9.31
Marshall Islands
-0.23
3.26
2.81
3.88
4.41
2.54
-1.78
5.00
3.82
Mauritania
-0.66
-2.64
-2.44
0.13
0.53
3.28
2.65
2.90
0.69
Mauritius
-3.36
-3.13
-3.58
-2.82
-1.67
-2.23
-8.43
-10.95
-7.15
Mexico
-3.71
-4.54
-4.00
-2.77
-1.06
-2.20
-2.33
-4.42
-3.80
Micronesia (Federated States of)
2.86
11.13
10.35
7.26
14.24
24.23
16.98
0.15
1.04
Mongolia
-0.93
-3.73
-5.04
-15.30
-3.72
2.85
0.89
-9.24
-3.46
Montenegro
-4.49
-0.70
-5.96
-6.18
-6.81
-6.21
-1.77
-10.94
-1.62
Morocco
-5.09
-5.17
-4.93
-4.78
-3.49
-3.70
-3.82
-7.56
-6.46
Mozambique
-2.50
-9.90
-6.66
-5.12
-1.99
-5.59
-0.15
-5.12
-3.58
Myanmar
-1.70
-1.32
-2.78
-3.87
-2.86
-3.40
-3.91
-5.61
-7.81
Namibia
-4.69
-6.44
-8.30
-9.30
-4.99
-5.09
-5.51
-8.16
-8.94
Nauru
1.64
27.82
10.46
21.45
20.14
33.62
29.86
35.69
43.75
Nepal
1.57
1.35
0.58
1.17
-2.69
-5.83
-4.99
-5.33
-4.23
Netherlands
-3.00
-2.26
-2.09
0.01
1.32
1.43
2.35
-4.42
-5.61
New Zealand
-1.34
-0.38
0.34
0.95
1.32
1.25
-2.47
-4.03
-4.94
Nicaragua
-0.72
-1.24
-1.55
-1.84
-1.78
-3.02
-0.30
-2.12
-1.68
Niger
-1.93
-6.13
-6.75
-4.46
-4.12
-3.00
-3.56
-5.34
-5.89
Nigeria
-2.66
-2.43
-3.80
-4.65
-5.42
-4.32
-4.69
-5.66
-6.04
North Macedonia
-3.84
-4.20
-3.48
-2.70
-2.73
-1.76
-1.97
-8.21
-5.36
Norway
10.67
8.63
6.02
4.06
5.00
7.86
6.58
-2.81
0.90
Oman
3.17
-1.80
-15.62
-22.51
-11.98
-7.71
-5.57
-16.51
-2.54
Pakistan
-7.44
-4.31
-4.67
-3.92
-5.17
-5.67
-7.79
-7.03
-6.08
Palau
0.75
3.64
5.02
3.57
4.83
6.26
0.35
-10.93
-19.76
Panama
-2.23
-3.13
-2.42
-1.98
-2.16
-3.19
-3.40
-10.51
-5.54
Papua New Guinea
-6.87
-6.27
-4.55
-4.75
-2.48
-2.58
-4.43
-8.56
-7.36
Paraguay
-1.07
-0.55
-1.81
-0.40
-0.88
-1.65
-3.80
-7.19
-6.15
Peru
0.74
-0.23
-2.13
-2.26
-2.94
-2.00
-1.37
-8.35
-2.59
Philippines
0.19
0.83
0.59
-0.35
-0.37
-1.55
-1.66
-5.73
-6.46
Poland
-4.23
-3.65
-2.60
-2.39
-1.49
-0.25
-0.74
-7.14
-2.52
Portugal
-5.11
-7.31
-4.40
-1.94
-2.96
-0.35
0.12
-5.84
-2.83
Qatar
21.55
15.39
21.43
-5.20
-2.86
5.60
4.57
1.03
4.10
Republic of Moldova
-1.57
-1.59
-1.94
-1.55
-0.64
-0.84
-1.44
-5.32
-2.62
Romania
-2.58
-2.12
-1.49
-2.46
-2.98
-2.95
-4.92
-9.81
-6.88
Russian Federation
-1.16
-1.07
-3.39
-3.67
-1.47
2.92
1.93
-4.00
0.72
Rwanda
-1.27
-3.92
-2.68
-2.27
-2.52
-2.57
-5.07
-9.40
-6.86
Saint Kitts and Nevis
10.93
8.51
5.61
3.76
0.54
1.17
-0.64
-2.73
7.16
Saint Lucia
-4.76
-3.05
-2.33
-1.35
-2.21
-1.03
-3.34
-10.78
-7.15
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
-5.82
-2.82
-2.01
1.07
-0.42
-0.83
-2.69
-5.29
-4.82
Samoa
-3.95
-5.66
-3.96
-0.37
-2.10
0.06
1.62
5.82
1.87
San Marino
-7.74
1.06
-3.32
-0.19
-3.49
-1.56
-0.11
-37.59
-23.30
Sao Tome and Principe
1.90
-5.31
-6.25
-4.24
-2.69
-1.88
-0.06
5.92
0.86
Saudi Arabia
5.64
-3.54
-15.84
-14.10
-9.23
-5.65
-4.39
-11.26
-2.45
Senegal
-4.34
-3.90
-3.66
-3.27
-2.97
-3.66
-3.85
-6.41
-6.30
Serbia
-4.99
-5.85
-3.38
-1.12
1.37
0.81
-0.01
-7.24
-3.31
Seychelles
0.37
3.55
1.81
0.20
0.47
-1.03
0.87
-17.37
-5.80
Sierra Leone
-2.39
-3.61
-4.55
-8.46
-8.78
-5.59
-3.13
-5.76
-6.92
Singapore
5.96
4.60
2.86
3.66
5.31
3.68
3.86
-5.86
-0.19
Slovakia
-2.88
-3.11
-2.68
-2.58
-0.98
-1.01
-1.33
-5.50
-6.47
Slovenia
-14.58
-5.51
-2.85
-1.92
-0.05
0.74
0.42
-7.81
-5.20
Solomon Islands
3.64
1.84
-0.01
-4.17
-2.90
0.86
-0.89
-2.42
-3.12
Somalia
-0.15
-0.07
0.31
0.62
0.55
0.04
0.37
0.36
-1.13
South Africa
-3.91
-3.92
-4.37
-3.73
-4.02
-3.74
-4.72
-9.74
-6.41
South Sudan
-3.47
-9.08
-16.66
-19.26
3.26
-0.63
0.08
6.72
9.95
Spain
-7.04
-5.92
-5.18
-4.31
-3.04
-2.50
-2.87
-10.95
-7.04
Sri Lanka
-5.19
-6.23
-7.01
-5.34
-5.50
-5.32
-7.97
-12.76
-12.55
State of Palestine
-1.53
-2.55
-4.66
-2.08
-2.78
-2.46
-4.48
-7.72
-5.31
Sudan
-5.76
-4.72
-3.87
-3.91
-6.06
-7.93
-10.82
-5.93
-0.28
Suriname
-3.33
-4.69
-7.56
-9.34
-7.08
-5.25
-21.89
-13.38
-7.28
Sweden
-1.46
-1.53
0.01
1.04
1.42
0.82
0.56
-2.82
-1.01
Switzerland
-0.43
-0.24
0.54
0.24
1.12
1.27
1.32
-2.82
-1.94
Syrian Arab Republic
Türkiye
-1.46
-1.42
-1.26
-2.34
-2.18
-3.74
-4.75
-5.09
-3.51
Taiwan
-3.24
-2.73
-1.78
-2.19
-2.02
-1.87
-1.78
-2.92
-1.18
Tajikistan
-0.90
0.85
-1.97
-8.98
-5.66
-2.69
-2.05
-4.34
-2.02
Thailand
0.52
-0.80
0.13
0.57
-0.43
0.06
-0.82
-4.71
-7.85
Timor-Leste
-14.37
-37.53
-33.12
-55.41
-33.13
-26.43
-25.25
-21.49
-29.52
Togo
-5.25
-7.21
-6.18
-7.07
-0.21
-0.58
1.61
-6.88
-6.51
Tonga
-1.30
6.40
-2.75
1.47
3.58
2.92
3.16
5.33
-0.37
Trinidad and Tobago
-2.83
-4.60
-7.86
-10.42
-10.82
-5.94
-3.68
-11.57
-10.13
Tunisia
-7.05
-3.12
-4.95
-5.87
-5.61
-4.27
-3.61
-9.06
-7.72
Turkmenistan
1.17
0.70
-0.57
-2.07
-2.32
-0.18
-0.34
-0.14
-0.09
Tuvalu
26.05
3.26
14.72
27.48
2.10
30.33
-1.06
7.73
6.09
Uganda
-3.19
-2.74
-2.52
-2.61
-3.55
-3.02
-4.82
-7.48
-7.79
Ukraine
-4.78
-4.46
-1.16
-2.23
-2.29
-2.15
-1.97
-5.96
-3.98
United Arab Emirates
8.40
1.91
-3.36
-2.82
-1.68
1.12
0.44
-5.19
0.33
United Kingdom
-5.47
-5.50
-4.51
-3.30
-2.35
-2.16
-2.21
-12.76
-7.99
United Republic of Tanzania
-3.76
-2.91
-3.17
-2.08
-1.16
-1.93
-1.98
-2.50
-3.28
United States of America
-4.55
-4.05
-3.53
-4.34
-4.63
-5.44
-5.73
-14.49
-10.18
Uruguay
-1.73
-2.61
-1.87
-2.67
-2.51
-1.87
-2.76
-4.67
-2.62
Uzbekistan
2.18
1.95
-0.24
0.77
1.20
2.02
0.60
-2.52
-4.65
Vanuatu
-0.25
1.44
-9.00
-0.74
-1.20
6.26
2.81
-1.98
2.31
Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of)
-11.27
-15.55
-10.65
-10.81
-22.99
-31.00
-10.00
-5.05
-4.51
Vietnam
-5.96
-5.02
-4.98
-3.16
-1.96
-1.03
-0.40
-3.91
-4.16
Yemen
-6.90
-4.14
-8.75
-8.51
-4.91
-7.85
-5.57
-5.23
-5.03
Zambia
-6.21
-5.80
-9.54
-5.69
-7.50
-8.31
-9.41
-13.78
-8.66
Zimbabwe
-1.32
-1.11
-1.80
-6.62
-10.64
-5.43
-1.00
0.76
-2.04

Source: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022

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